Master and slave operation Essay Example for Free

Master and slave operation Essay Bluetooth devices exist in small ad-hoc network configuration with the ability to operate as either master or the slave; the specification also allows a mechanism for master and slave to switch their roles. The configurations can be single point, which is the simplest configuration with one master and one slave. Multipoint, called a Piconet, based on up to 7 slaves clustered around a single Master. And a third type called a Scatternet, this is a group of Piconets effectively hubbed via a single Bluetooth device acting as a master in one Piconet and a slave in the other Piconet. The Scatternet permits either larger coverage areas or number of devices than a single Piconet can offer. Figure 5 outlines the different master and slave topologies permitted for networks in the standard (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). The role of the master is to control the available bandwidth between the slaves, it calculates and allocates how often to communicate with each slave and locks them into the appropriate frequency hopping sequence. The specification describes an algorithm that calculates the hop sequence, the seed being based on the master’s device address and clock. In addition to hop sequence control, the master is responsible for transmit control by dividing the network into a series of time slots amongst the net members, as part of a Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) scheme. These time slots can consist of data and potentially additional voice traffic i. e. you will always need a data channel before you can add a voice channel. The time slot is defined as 625  µs and all packet traffic is allocated 1, 3 or 5 slots, grouped together in transmit and receive pairs. Prior to connection some operations such as inquiry, paging and scanning operations may sometimes occur on half slots (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Figure 5: Point to point, Piconet and Scatternet. A. 2. 3 Voice and Data Links. Bluetooth carries communication traffic over two types of air interface links defined as Asynchronous ConnectionLess (ACL) or Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO). During a connection the links carry voice and data traffic in the time slots and are categorised as either time critical, as used for voice and audio, or high speed non-time critical data with a mechanism for acknowledgement and re-transmission. The first link established between master and slave is the ACL link and carries high speed data that is insensitive to time. It is packet switched, as the data is sporadic in nature, asynchronous, contains asymmetric and symmetric services and uses a polling access scheme. A master may be permitted to have a number of ACL links up to the maximum number of slaves permitted by the specification but only one link is allowed between any two devices (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†). Once an ACL has been established a SCO link can be created on top of the ACL link. The SCO link is circuit switched; it has symmetric synchronous services and has slot reservation at fixed intervals, making it suitable for time critical data such as voice. The specification restricts the number of SCO links that a master can support to three. Summarising the two types of links: ACL ? Packet constructed of a 72 bit access code, a 54 bit packet header, a 16 bit CRC and Payload data ? Largest data packet is DH5 giving 723. 2 Kb/s as highest data rate in one direction. ? Non time critical data ? Asynchronous ? Packet switched ? Polling access SCO ? Same access code and header as ACL packets ? ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and SEQ (SEQuence) flags redundant since flow control and re-transmissions do not apply ? Cyclic Redundancy Code (CRC) field is absent? Payload fixed at 30 bytes, with source data of 10, 20 or 30 bytes ? Circuit switched ? Symmetric synchronous services ? Slot reservation at fixed intervals A special case exists that mixes SCO and ACL packets. Known as the Data Voice (DV) packet it carries data and voice on regular intervals like the SCO. The voice data has no flow control or CRC as per SCO packets, whereas the data part of the DV packet has flow control, re-transmission of the data part is permitted and the data part is CRC protected (see â€Å"Bluetooth: Goodbye Infrared†).

A Reality In Fiction Essays -- essays research papers

In A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens contrasts the Manettes’ life during the French Revolution in both London and Paris. The story follows them throughout the trials of the Reign of Terror in Paris, to the safety and security of London. He also compares the cities themselves, one being overrun with poverty and oppression, and the other being safe and economically sound. He shows the differences in the quality of life in both cities, while developing a love story in which the lives of the characters are twisted within the French Revolution. In France before the revolution, many changes had been made to help the country, but the Deficit of Revenue was not one of them. Many of the aristocrats and clergy were exempt from paying taxes, yet the poorer citizens were taxed heavily to make up for it (Carlyle vii). Louis XIV gave the upper class special power and privileges and ultimately caused France to weaken (Wright 31). Soon the common people were poor and starving. France had been suffering inflation for years; therefore, the government tried to tax the upper classes, but they refused to pay since they had been exempt for so long. Soon after, France endured many hardships, including drought and famine, and France became even poorer (Wright 31). In order to reform the financial status of France, Louis summoned the Etates-Generaux, who had not met since 1614. The Etates-Genereaux, or the General States, was a representative assembly that dealt with the matters of the state. It was made up of three groups: the church, the ari stocracy, and the remaining ninety five percent of the population (Wright 33). On July 14, 1789, the French Revolution officially began by the storming of the Bastille. The reason the Bastille was attacked was because it was seen as a symbol of the King’s power (Wright 34). This led to ten years of attacks made upon the privileged because of the abuses the common people felt from the ruling classes. Soon after the Bastille was taken, many other outbursts and riots occurred in France. Many aristocrats’ chateaux were burned, and this era of violence became known as The Great Fear (Wright 33). Many aristocrats and clergy fled the country in fear of being beheaded (Wright 34). Louis was put on trial as a traitor and was executed on January 21, 1793. Many people led revolts and provided the revolutionary ideas that the upper classes feared... ... but his future was clearly in England with his daughter and son-in-law (Kiran-Raw). The harsh conditions of Paris in the story were extremely realistic compared to the actual revolution. The people of Paris were starved and worked to death. They had to work more than they should have had just to pay what the government taxed them. However, in the story, all the revolutionaries were more violent than some of the real revolutionaries. Although there were violent ones, others were also people that had revolutionary ideas and views that could have helped the situation. Those people ended the true revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Tale of Two Cities is undoubtedly a realistic, yet fictional account of the French Revolution. Dickens compares and contrasts the lives and events of both London and Paris in a very accurate manner. His intentions of writing to enlighten people of the history of the revolution were successful, while also extremely entertaining. Although it has been thought that Dickens created the characters out of people he actually was associated with, they fit the story properly. The story truly digs into the heart of the revolution and the people it affected.

Should Countries Encourage Tourism?

Nowadays, it is almost a routine, that people every year go to holydays. Often they travel to the places abroad. These places are often very popular and well-known. Even though these places are popular, the countries still promote them and want more people to come. This is because tourism is very important for the economy but not in all cases for the citizens. If so, should countries encourage tourism? Firstly, tourism leads to the development of the country. The desire to attract tourists to a certain area often encourages governments to improve local facilities which is beneficial for both, citizens and tourists. On the other hand, the development of the country must be somehow controlled and planned in such a way, it does not destroy the natural beauty of the country. Over-development leads to ugly, crowded tourist spots and environmental damage. Consequently, the development if necessary but is has to be done thoroughfully. Secondly, tourism has some positive and negative effects on a country’s economy. Many people claim that tourism is an important source of income. This is illustrated by the fact that in the touristic countries are very few possibilities to find a job not connected with tourism. Nevertheless, country’s economy may become so dependent on tourism that it is weakened and when something unexpected happens, for example a natural disaster, that tourist do not arrive for a long time, the country is helpless because of lack of resources. Thirdly, tourism greatly influences the citizens’ culture. Tourism allows people to experience other cultures. They may see how foreigners behave, what clothes they wear or what are their customs. However, this impact of tourism may destroy the local way of life. For instance the customs of the local people may simply disappear and be displaced by those brought by the foreigners and the local uniqueness changes into cultural mixture. To conclude, there are arguments to both, that countries should and should not encourage tourism. On the one hand, we have economic advantages and possibilities to experience other cultures. On the other hand, tourism overused may lead to the economic weakness of a country and to permanent changes of the local culture.

International Business Develop Fast - 2198 Words

Today,international business develop fast,it is important to communicate in different cultures .we should understand the difference which exist between other culture and ours. everyone from different countries or culture is quite different,it is required that we have to know a little bit about other cultures,for example,a word can have several meanings referring different cultural background.How to avoid misunderstand or even conflict, it is a problem we need to think about and solve. In most cultures, a handshake is an acceptable greeting. However, the meaning of the grip of a handshake varies from culture to culture. Also, there are different greetings that are more effective in some cultures. In most cultures, a suit is viewed as appropriate attire while conducting business. However, different cultures wear different types of dress for business. Many cultures prefer conservative dress in public. In the Middle East, women are fully covered. Therefore, it is important to dress appropriately while interacting with other cultures. Using gestures, while communicating cross-culturally, is very risky. Many gestures that one may find acceptable practice in their culture may be very unacceptable or even insulting in another culture.Examples of body gestures include instinctively beckoning to a waiter, and initiating a business presentation with visual signals to greet people. In Thailand, people snap their fingers to call a waiter over to request their bill whereasShow MoreRelatedSubway International And The Global Fast Food Industry1437 Words   |  6 Pages Subway International and the Global Fast Food Industry Murad H. Yousef BU 502 - Applied Business Research and Communication Skills Southern State University August 21, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract This case study determines the critical success factors used by Subway Restaurants Corporation to expand nationally, which the corporation wants to use also to expand internationally. 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